Linear Algebra

Gram-Schmidt Orthogonalization

Convert linearly independent vectors into an orthonormal basis using the Gram-Schmidt process. Shows every projection, subtraction, and normalization step.

Inputs
Vector v₁
Vector vâ‚‚
Vector v₃

Before (blue) vs After (gold) — 2D projection

Input vectors váµ¢
Orthonormal eáµ¢
Projection (dashed)

Step-by-Step Work